Lead, make, hold, bend, turn, and fold

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• pro + duceproduceverb

  To make, create, or bring about something.

  Plantation owners depended on workers to produce crops for sale.

• pro + duct + ionproductionnoun

  The process of making goods or creating something.

  Sugar production depended on the labor of immigrant workers.

• pro + duct + iveproductiveadjective

  Producing useful results or substantial output.

  Powhatan farmers had already made their land productive before colonists sought to take it.

• pro + duct + ive + ityproductivitynoun

  The amount produced in relation to the time or resources used.

  Payment by output pushed garment workers to increase productivity.

  Drop the final silent e before the vowel suffix: productive + ity → productivity.

• re + pro + ducereproduceverb

  To produce again or keep a pattern going.

  Schools could reproduce social inequality when they steered children toward low-paid labor.

• re + pro + duct + ionreproductionnoun

  The process of producing again or maintaining a pattern.

  The reproduction of unequal opportunity depended partly on decisions about schooling.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• factfactnoun

  A statement about something that can be checked against evidence.

  The fact that Native people cultivated crops undermines the colonists’ description of them as idle.

• fact + ualfactualadjective

  Based on information that can be verified.

  A factual account of John Punch’s sentence must include its difference from the white runaways’ sentences.

• fact + ual + lyfactuallyadverb

  In a way that accurately represents verifiable information.

  We describe the punishment factually when we state that John Punch received lifetime servitude.

• ef + fecteffectnoun

  A result produced by a cause.

  One effect of expensive legal proceedings was the transfer of Mexican land to Anglo owners.

• ef + fect + iveeffectiveadjective

  Producing the intended result.

  A strike becomes an effective source of pressure when employers cannot continue production as usual.

• ef + fect + ive + lyeffectivelyadverb

  In a way that produces a result or achieves a purpose.

  Japanese and Filipino workers challenged plantation production effectively by striking together.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• re + tainretainverb

  To keep something rather than lose or give it up.

  Cherokee leaders sought to retain their homeland and the right to govern it.

• re + tent + ionretentionnoun

  The act of keeping something.

  The retention of legal rights meant little if authorities refused to enforce them.

• de + taindetainverb

  To hold someone and prevent them from leaving.

  The militia’s decision to detain Chief Ross weakened opposition to the removal treaty.

• de + tent + iondetentionnoun

  The holding of someone under authority so that they cannot leave freely.

  Chief Ross’s detention was part of the coercive process surrounding the treaty.

• sus + tainsustainverb

  To keep something going or provide what it needs to continue.

  Community support helped sustain striking garment workers.

• sus + ten + ancesustenancenoun

  Food or other support needed to stay alive.

  Burning Native crops attacked a community’s sustenance.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• flex + ibleflexibleadjective

  Able to bend or adapt.
• in + flex + ibleinflexibleadjective

  Not willing or able to bend or change.
• re + flect + ionreflectionnoun

  Light or an image sent back from a surface.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• con + tortcontortverb

  To twist out of the usual shape.
• dis + tort + iondistortionnoun

  A twisted or misleading version of something.
• tors + iontorsionnoun

  The action of twisting.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• con + vertconvertverb

  To change something into another form or bring someone to a different belief.

  English promoters presented the plan to convert Native people to Christianity as a purpose of colonization.

• con + vers + ionconversionnoun

  A change in form, use, or belief.

  The promise of religious conversion existed alongside demands for Native land.

• con + vert + ibleconvertibleadjective

  Able to be changed into another form or use.

  Jefferson treated Native debt as convertible into land for white settlers.

• con + vert + ible + ityconvertibilitynoun

  The ability to be changed into another form or use.

  The convertibility of debt into land made credit a possible instrument of dispossession.

  Before -ity, -ible takes the form -ibil-: convertible + ity → convertibility.

• di + vertdivertverb

  To turn something away from its course or focus.

  Employers could divert workers’ anger toward other ethnic groups.

• di + vers + iondiversionnoun

  A redirection of attention, resources, or activity.

  The diversion of anger toward other workers protected the people who controlled wages.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• com + plexcomplexadjective

  Made of many connected parts.
• com + plex + itycomplexitynoun

  The state of having many connected parts.
• com + plic + atecomplicateverb

  To make something harder to understand or do.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”