Make, move, see, and shape

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• actactverb

  To do something rather than remain passive.

  Workers could act together by withholding their labor during a strike.

• act + ionactionnoun

  Something done to achieve an aim.

  Collective action allowed garment workers to put pressure on factory owners.

• act + iveactiveadjective

  Taking part or doing something.

  Young women were active participants in the garment strike.

• act + ive + lyactivelyadverb

  By taking deliberate action or participating.

  Garment workers actively challenged conditions inside their factories.

• act + ive + ismactivismnoun

  Organized effort to bring about political or social change.

  Student activism helped challenge segregation at lunch counters.

  Drop the final silent e before the vowel suffix: active + ism → activism.

• act + ive + istactivistnoun

  A person who works deliberately for political or social change.

  A student activist could turn a demand for equal rights into a public challenge to segregation.

  Drop the final silent e before the vowel suffix: active + ist → activist.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• ag + entagentnoun

  A person who acts for someone else.
• ag + encyagencynoun

  The ability to act and make choices.
• ag + itateagitateverb

  To stir up or push for change.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• formformverb

  To create or bring something into existence.

  Black and white workers did not automatically form a united movement against employers.

• re + formreformverb

  To change a practice or institution in order to improve it.

  Civil rights activists sought to reform laws that protected unequal treatment.

• re + form + erreformernoun

  A person who works to improve laws or institutions.

  A reformer could promise Native independence while supporting allotment that reduced Native control of land.

• trans + form + ationtransformationnoun

  A major change in form, character, or organization.

  The transformation of Native land into individual allotments opened land to outside ownership.

• trans + formtransformverb

  To change something substantially.

  Northern factory jobs could transform migrants’ incomes without ending racial exclusion.

• con + formconformverb

  To behave according to an accepted rule or expectation.

  Schools pressured immigrant children to conform to dominant American expectations.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• trans + porttransportverb

  To carry people or goods from one place to another.

  Railroads helped transport Mexican workers north toward jobs in the United States.

• trans + port + ationtransportationnoun

  The movement of people or goods between places.

  Rail transportation accelerated migration from Mexico to the United States.

• im + portimportverb

  To bring goods into a country from another country.

  US trade policy made it easier for Mexico to import subsidized American corn.

• ex + portexportverb

  To send goods to another country for sale.

  Landlords continued to export food from Ireland while many Irish people faced famine.

• ex + port + ationexportationnoun

  The sending of goods abroad for sale.

  Food exportation during the Irish famine revealed whose interests controlled the use of the land.

• de + portdeportverb

  To remove someone from a country through government action.

  During the Depression, officials moved to deport Mexicans as public hostility toward them grew.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• trans + fertransferverb

  To move something from one owner, place, or person to another.

  Legal costs could help transfer land from Mexican owners to Anglo buyers.

• trans + fer + abletransferableadjective

  Able to be moved or passed to someone else.

  Treating land as transferable property made changes in ownership central to the struggle over resources.

• re + ferreferverb

  To direct attention to a source or subject.

  We can refer to the unequal sentences when explaining how racial hierarchy developed in law.

• re + fer + alreferralnoun

  The act of directing someone or something to another authority or source.

  A referral to the reader’s evidence helps test an interpretation of the court’s decision.

  The final r doubles before -al: refer + al → referral.

• in + ferinferverb

  To reach a reasonable conclusion from evidence.

  We can infer that debt weakened landowners’ independence when they had to sell land to pay legal costs.

• in + fer + enceinferencenoun

  A conclusion drawn from evidence rather than stated directly.

  The inference that credit could become a tool of dispossession follows from the legal costs and forced sales.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• in + spectinspectverb

  To look closely at something in order to examine it.

  We can inspect the punishments given to John Punch and the white runaways for evidence of unequal treatment.

• in + spect + ioninspectionnoun

  A close examination.

  An inspection of the sentences reveals that the same escape produced different legal futures.

• in + spect + orinspectornoun

  A person whose job is to examine conditions or enforce standards.

  An inspector would need to examine factory conditions to judge whether workers were safe.

• re + spectrespectverb

  To recognize someone’s worth, rights, or legitimate claims.

  Jefferson claimed that the government would respect Native land rights while planning to use debt to obtain land.

• re + spect + fulrespectfuladjective

  Showing consideration for someone’s dignity or rights.

  Respectful words did not guarantee respectful treatment of Native land claims.

• dis + re + spectdisrespectnoun

  A failure to recognize someone’s dignity or rights.

  The refusal to honor Native land claims showed disrespect for Native ownership.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• vis + iblevisibleadjective

  Able to be seen.
• in + vis + ibleinvisibleadjective

  Not able to be seen.
• vis + ible + ityvisibilitynoun

  The condition of being easy to see.

  Before -ity, -ible takes the form -ibil-: visible + ity → visibility.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”

Follow one root into related words. Read each connection and explain how the shared meaning develops. Select a word to load its path in the matrix below.

• a + morph + ousamorphousadjective

  Without a clear shape.
• morph + ologymorphologynoun

  The study of forms, including word forms.
• morph + olog + icalmorphologicaladjective

  Related to the structure or form of something.

Explain the connection: “These words share ___. In ___ it helps mean ___; in ___ it helps mean ___.”